Mixed equity companies

PPP structures in which the public authority retains an equity participation in the company as a shareholder. These are a common scheme in some civil code countries (and quite typical in Spanish-speaking countries, where they are called “empresa mixta”, and are considered a specific legal type of public procurement or contract).
They may be regarded as PPPs if they meet the PPP features. They are also often referred to as Joint Ventures (JVs).
When the public partner controls the company or owns the majority of the shares, the PPP is also referred to as an institutional PPP.